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The name Manusmriti is a combination of two Sanskrit words: "manu" meaning "mind, soul," and "smriti," meaning "to remember." In Hinduism, it is the second most sacred text after the Vedas. This work includes a wide range of topics such as the institution of marriage and rules for moral behavior; about how man should live his life; and about whom man should employ in society and how man should deal with his wife, servants, colleagues etc. In modern times, it has been regarded as a book of laws or a text on sociology. The original Sanskrit-language text dates to around the 4th century AD. The text is a composite work of many authorship, and its origin in ancient India is unclear. This theocratic document was ancient India's equivalent to the European Magna Carta in that it was a step toward democracy. The Manusmriti sets out rules for social order and governance, emphasizing duties and laws for each of four varnas (caste groups). The Manusmriti is important for many reasons. It bases the social order in the family, rather than in the state, and uses this idea to encompass all of humanity. The goal of human life, according to the text, is dharma (ethics and religion), artha (wealth), kama (pleasure) and moksha (liberation). The Manusmriti also explains various aspects of dharma, punishments for violating dharma, types of evidence and judicial procedure. It discusses not only how a king should conduct himself but also how he should behave when he is alone or with his wife or with other women. It also has a theory of ownership and property rights. It discusses various methods to ascertain guilt or innocence of a crime. It covers topics such as the duties and rights of women, the education and marriage of children, relations between husband and wife, forms of marriage (such as arranged, monogamy, polyandry, same sex), illegitimate children. The text is one of the first in history to lay out the idea that women should be educated. In recent times The Manusmriti has been variously interpreted by different groups claiming authority to speak on behalf of Hinduism:The following translation was made by George Buhler in 1876 for the Asiatic Society of Bombay. The translation by G. Buhler is found in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. xxxvii., 1876-77. "Manusmriti" begins with the description of four castes. The following are translations from article 2-3 in "The Manusmriti". This translation was made by Nalinaksha Dutt. Manu said: "That man is to be called happy who honours his father, and praiseth him, and does not do injury to him, and harms not his own body with injuries. cfa1e77820
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